小冰河期
Dating wiki
There is no consensus on when the Little Ice Age began,[15][16] but a series of events before the known climatic minima have often been referenced. In the 13th century, pack icebegan advancing southwards in the North Atlantic, as did glaciers in Greenland. Anecdotal evidence suggests expanding glaciers almost worldwide. Based on radiocarbon dating of roughly 150 samples of dead plant material with roots intact that were collected from beneath ice caps on Baffin Island and Iceland, Miller et al. (2012)[8] state that cold summers and ice growth began abruptly between 1275 and 1300, followed by "a substantial intensification" from 1430 to 1455.[8]
In contrast, a climate reconstruction based on glacial length[17][18] shows no great variation from 1600 to 1850 but a strong retreat thereafter.
Therefore, any of several dates ranging over 400 years may indicate the beginning of the Little Ice Age:
- 1250 for when Atlantic pack ice began to grow, a cold period that was possibly triggered or enhanced by the massive eruption of the Samalas volcano in 1257[19] and the associated volcanic winter.
- 1253年，蒙古滅大理國。
- 1259年，蒙哥大汗蒙哥親征釣魚城，被火炮擊傷，後逝於溫泉寺，蒙古軍撤退。
- 1275 to 1300 for when the radiocarbon dating of plants shows that they were killed by glaciation
- 1279 宋滅於元
- 1300 for when warm summers stopped being dependable in Northern Europe
- 1303年，元朝和窩闊台汗國、察合台汗國約和，四大汗國一致承認元朝皇帝的宗主地位；洪洞趙城地震，造成200,000到475,800人死亡。
- 1304年，四大汗國彼此之間約和，蒙古帝國內戰徹底結束。
- 1315 for when rains and the Great Famine of 1315–1317 occurred
- 1560 to 1630 for when the worldwide glacial expansion, known as the Grindelwald Fluctuation,[20] began
- 1633年，山西爆發「明末大鼠疫」，後傳入北京城，導致20餘萬人死亡。
- 1644 李自成滅明、清順治入北京
- 1650年，鄭成功以金門、廈門為據點抗清。
- 1650, not the start of the Little Ice Age, but the start of the coldest years midway through, i.e., the First Climatic Minimum[clarification needed]
The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or in the early 20th century.[21][22][23]
The 6th report of the IPCC describes the coldest period in the last millennium as:[24]